ضرورت نظام دهی استفاده از سیگارهای الکترونیکی: مقایسه نقش قدرت پدرسالارانه، ترغیب نوجوانان و یا تقویت رفتار آگاهانه

دوره ۲ شماره ۱ (بهار و تابستان ۱۳۹۹)
مقالۀ پژوهشی | صفحات: ۱۳ - ۲۲
  • زهرا تخشید - مدرس حقوق، مدرسه حقوق هاروارد، دانشگاه هاروارد، کمبریج، ایالات متحده [ztakhshid@law.harvard.edu]

چکیده

مقدمه: پس از گزارش‌های مربوط به نرخ بالای استفاده از دستگاه ویپ و مرگ ناشی از سیگار الکترونیکی در بین نوجوانان، بسیاری از کشورها، منع کامل یا جزئی فروش سیگار الکترونیکی را در دستور کار خود قرار دادند. با این حال، تحقیقات متعدد و گاه متناقض ادعا می‌کنند که خطرات سلامتی ناشی از سیگارهای الکترونیکی کمتر از سیگارهای حاوی تنباکو (سیگارهای سنتی) است. این امر باعث ایجاد عدم اطمینان و شکل‌گیری رویکردی یکپارچه نسبت به تنظیم میزان استفاده و فروش سیگارهای الکترونیکی شده است. روش‌ها: این مقاله با استفاده از یافته‌های اقتصاد رفتاری، سه روش سیاستگذاری برای حل این مسئله را بررسی می‌کند که عبارتند از تحکم، ترغیب، آگاهی و تعالی. نتایج: در این مقاله براساس یافته‌های اقتصاد رفتاری، استدلالی ارائه شده که توضیح می‌دهد هنگامی که هنجار اجتماعی گسترده‌ای در استفاده از سیگار الکترونیکی شکل نگیرد، قدرت پدرسالارانه بهترین راه حل برای از بین بردن خطرات سلامتی ناخواسته مرتبط با استفاده از محصول است. در این موارد، میزان انزجار از ضرر اندک است و افراد به احتمال زیاد از قانون جدید پیروی می‌کنند. علاوه بر این، اجازه دادن به افراد سیگاری سابق در ارائه نسخه جهت خرید سیگار الکترونیکی از داروخانه‌های مجاز، راه حل مفیدی است که سیگارهای الکترونیکی را جایگزین‌های ایمن‌تری برای سیگارهای سنتی می‌پندارد. نتیجه‌گیری: برای محافظت از سلامت شهروندان در جوامع دموکراتیک، اقدامات محدود کننده اولیه، از ایجاد هنجارهای جدید اجتماعی برای یک رفتار ناسالم مانند کشیدن سیگار الکترونیکی جلوگیری می‌کند و بدنبال کاهش اینرسی تمایل به انزجار از ضرر، مداخله بعدی را تسهیل می‌نماید.

واژگان کلیدی

نظام‌دهی، سیگاری‌های الکترونیکی، ارتقاء سلامت شهروندان

منابع:

  1. Knowing the risks E-cigarettes & young people [Internet]. U.S: Department of health and human services. Surgeon general’s advisory on e-cigarette use among youth; 2018 Dec18 [Cited 2020 July 19]; [about 4 screens]. Available from: https://e-cigarettes.surgeongeneral.gov/documents/surgeon-generals-advisory-on-e-cigarette-use-among-youth-2018.pdf.
  2. Thomas Ka, Kaplan Sh. E-cigarettes went unchecked in 10 years of federal inaction [Internet]. The New York Times; 2019 Oct 14 [Cited 2020 July 19]; [about 10 screens]. Available from: https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/14/health/vaping-e-cigarettes-fda.html.
  3. The alternative for adult smokers: designed for smokers, by smokers [Internet]. US: Juul Labs, Inc; 2020 [Cited 2020 July 19]; [about 4 screens]. Available from: https://www.juul.com.
  4. Brody JE. The risks of another epidemic: teenage vaping [Internet]. The New York Times; 2020 Nov 23 [Cited 2020 July 19]; [about 4 screen]. Available from: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/23/well/ live/teenvaping.html?searchResultPosition=1.
  5. The Daily: The Promise and Peril of Vaping, Part 2: The Story of Juul [Internet]. The New York Times; 2019 Oct 30 [Cited 2020 July 19]; [about 1 screens]. Available from: https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/ 30/podcasts/the-daily/juul-dangers.html.
  6. Goodnough A, Haberman M, Kaplan Sh. With partial flavor ban, Trump splits the difference on vaping [Internet]. The New York Times; 2020 Jan 2 [Cited 2020 July 19]; [about 10 screens]. Available from: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/02/health/flavor-ban-e-cigarettes.html.
  7. U.S Food & Drug Administration. Enforcement priorities for electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) and other deemed products on the market without premarket authorization (Revised): U.S: Department of health and human services, food and drug administration center for tobacco product,. pg. 9. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/media/133880/ download.
  8. Kaplan Sh. Lawmakers say puff bar used pandemic to market to teens [Intertnet]. The New York Times; 2020 Jun 2. [Cited 2020 July 19]; [about 10 screens]. Available from: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/ 02/health/puff-bar-teens.html?searchResultPosition=1.
  9. The Associated Press. FDA calls for removal of Puff Bars, a type of fruity, disposable vape [Interenet]. 2020 Jul 20 [Cited 2020 July 19]; [about 4 screen]. Available from: https://www.nbcnews.com/health/ vaping/fda-calls-removal-puff-bars-type-fruity-disposable-vape-n1234370.
  10. Allegedly Juul dominates about 70% of the e-cigarette market. See San Francisco Bans Sales Of E-Cigarettes [Intertnet]. US: Health News from NPR. 2019 June 25 [Cited 2020 July 19]; [about 10 screens]. Available from: https://www.npr.org/sec-tions/health-shots/2019/06/25/735714009/san-francisco-poised-to-ban-sales-of-e-cigarettes.
  11. Early approximations of e-cigarettes in the U.S. appear in patent date back to 1963 that was patented in 1965. (U.S. patent No. 3,200,819).
  12. Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) [Internet]. USA: Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Smoking & Tabacoo Use, Electronic Cigarettes. 2020 Mar 26 [Cited 2020 July 19]; [about 10 screens]. Available from: https://www. cdc.gov/tobacco/basic_information/e-cigarettes/ about-e-cigarettes.html#what-are-e-cigarettes.
  13. U.S. department of health and human services. E-cigarette use among youth and young adults. a report of the surgeon general. Atlanta, GA: U.S. department of health and human services, centers for disease control and prevention, national center for chronic disease prevention and health promotion, office on smoking and health, 2016.
  14. Grana R, Benowitz N, Glantz SA. E-cigarettes: a scientific review. Circulation. 2014;129(19):1972-86. Kaplan Sh. Teenage vaping rises sharply again this year [Internet]. The New York Times; 2019 Sept 18 [Cited 2020 July 19]; [about 10 screens]. Available from: https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/18/health/ vaping-teens-e-cigarettes.html.
  15. Krishnasamy VP, Hallowell BD, Ko JY, Board A, Hartnett KP, Salvatore PP, et al. Update: characteristics of a nationwide outbreak of e-cigarette, or vaping, product use–associated lung injury—United States, August 2019–January 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69(3):90-4.
  16. Hirsch L, Lavito A. Altria board approves $13 billion investment in e-cigarette company Juul [Internet]. USA: CNBC. 2018 Dec 19 [Cited 2020 July 19]; [about 5 screens]. Available from: https://www. cnbc.com/2018/12/19/juul-altria-boards-approve-altrias-13-billion-investment-in-juul.html.
  17. Krishnasamy VP, Hallowell BD, Ko JY, Board A, Hartnett KP, Salvatore PP, et al. Update: characteristics of a nationwide outbreak of E-cigarette, or vaping, product use–associated lung injury -United States, August 2019–January 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69:90-4.
  18. Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) [Internet]. USA: Center for disease control and prevention [Internet]. Outbreak of Lung injury associated with the use of E-cigarette, or Vaping Products. 2020 Feb 25 [Cited 2020 July 19]; [about 10 screens]. Available from:https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/basic_information/e-cigarettes/severe-lung-disease.html#overview.
  19. Bogel-Burroughs N, Richtel M, Thomas K. Massachusetts orders 4-month ban on sale of all vaping products [Internet]. The New York Times; 2019 Sept 24. [Cited 2020 July 19]; [about 10 screens]. Available from: https://www.nytimes.com/2019/ 09/24/us/massachusetts-vaping-ban.html.
  20. Buell S. The Massachusetts vaping ban will end early, but there’s a Catch [Internet].2019 Dec 27 [Cited 2020 July 19]; [about 4 screens]. Available from: https://www.bostonmagazine.com/news/ 2019/11/27/vaping-ban-end-earlydecember/.
  21. Corum J. Vaping Illness tracker [Internet]. The New York Times; 2020 Jan 13 [Cited 2020 July 19]; [about 5 screens]. Available from: https:// www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/health/vaping-illness-tracker-evali.html
  22. Bubb R, Pildes RH. How behavioral economics trims its sails and why. Harv Law Rev. 2013;127: 1593.
  23. Sunstein CR, Thaler RH. Libertarian paternalism is not an oxymoron. Univ Chic Law Rew. 2003: 1159-202.
  24. Camerer C, Issacharoff S, Loewenstein G, O'donoghue T, Rabin M. Regulation for conservatives: behavioral economics and the case for asymmetric paternalism. Univ PA Law Rew. 2003;151(3):1211-54.
  25. Thaler RH, Sunstein CR. Nudge: Improving decisions about health, wealth, and happiness. Penguin; 2009:1-9.
  26. Hertwig R. When to consider boosting: some rules for policy-makers. Behav Public Policy. 2017;1 (2):143-61.
  27. Dolan P, Galizzi MM. Like ripples on a pond: behavioral spillovers and their implications for research and policy. J Econom Psychol. 2015;47:1-6.
  28. Conoly S. Against autonomy. 1st ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2012 206 p.
  29. Norcia A. There are anti-vaping P.S.A.s on You-Tube. There’s a lot more vaping [Internet]. The New York Times; 2020 Mar 18 [Cited 2020 July 19]; [about 5 screens]. Available from: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/18/magazine/vaping-youtube. html?searchResultPosition=2.
  30. Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) [Internet]. USA: Center for disease control and prevention. 2000 surgeon general's report highlights: The impact of educational programs. 2015 July 21 [Cited 2020 July 19]; [about 10 screens]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/ sgr/2000/highlights/education/index.htm
  31. Department of Public Health. Massachusetts tobacco cessation and prevention program (MTCP) [Internet]. USA: Mass.gov. [Cited 2020 July 19]; [about 10 screens]. Available from: https://www. mass.gov/massachusetts-tobacco-cessation-and-prevention-program-mtcp.
  32. Reijula S, Hertwig R. Self-nudging and the citizen choice architect. Behav Public Policy. 2020 Mar:1-31.
  33. U.S Food & Drug Administration. FDA’s image warning labels for tobacco cigars were only approved in March 2020 [Internet]. U.S: Department of health and human services, food and drug administration center for tobacco product. [Cited 2020 July 19]; [about 10 screens]. Available from: https:// www.fda.gov/tobacco-products/labeling-and-warning-statements-tobacco-products/cigarette-health-warnings.
  34. Cantrell J, Vallone DM, Thrasher JF, Nagler RH, Feirman SP, Muenz LR, et al. Impact of tobacco-related health warning labels across socioeconomic, race and ethnic groups: results from a randomized web-based experiment. PLoS One. 2013;8(1): e52206.
  35. Global tobacco control: Islamic republic of Iran policy summary [Internet]. [Cited 2020 July 19]; [about 1 screens]. Available from: https://www. globaltobaccocontrol.org/e-cigarette/iran-islamic-republic.
  36. Global Tabacco Control: Brazil policy summary [Internet]. [Cited 2020 July 19]; [about 1 screens]. Available from: https://www.globaltobaccocontrol. org/e-cigarette/brazil.
  37. Global Tabacco Control: India policy summary [Internet]. [Cited 2020 July 19]; [about 1 screens]. Available from: https://www.globaltobaccocontrol. org/e-cigarette/india.
  38. U.S. E-cigarette regulations-50 state review [Internet]. 2020 March 30 [Cited 2020 July 19]; [about 1 screens]. Available from: https://publichealthlawcenter.org/resources/us-e-cigarette-regulations-50-state-review.
  39. Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) [Internet]. USA: Center for Disease Control and Prevention.Smoking and Tabacco Use Fast Facts. 2020 Mar 30 [Cited 2020 July 19]; [about 5 screens]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/to-bacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/fast_facts/index. htm.
  40. van der Eijk Y, Porter G. Human rights and ethical considerations for a tobacco-free generation. Tobacco Control. 2015;24(3):238-42.
  41. Kaplan Sh, Jacobs A, Sang-Hun Ch. The world pushes back against E-Cigarettes and Juul. 2020 March 30.
  42. Zraick K. A.M.A urges ban on vaping products as Juul is sued by more states [Internt]. The New York Times; 2019 Nov 19 [Cited 2020 July 19]; [about 10 screens]. Available from: https://www.nytimes. com/2019/11/19/health/juul-lawsuit-ny-california. html.
  43. Berry KM, Fetterman JL, Benjamin EJ, Bhatnagar A, Barrington-Trimis JL, Leventhal AM, et al. Association of electronic cigarette use with subsequent initiation of tobacco cigarettes in US youths. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2(2):e187794.
  44. Rachel Becker. Teens who vape are more likely to smoke cigarettes later [Internet]. 2019 Feb 1 [Cited 2020 July 19]; [about 2 screens]. Available from: https://www.theverge.com/2019/2/1/18206902/ vaping-cigarettes-smoking-health-teens-students-epidemic-jama.
  45. Sunstein CR. Sludge audits. Behavioural Public Policy. 2020 Jan:1-20.
  46. Daniel Kahneman, Thinking Fast and Slow 301 (2011).
  47. CASS R. SUNSTEIN & RICHARD H. THALER NUDGE 34 (2008).
  48. Gebrekidan S. For autocrats, and others, coronavirus is a chance to grab even more power. The New York Times. 202 mar 30.
  49. McNeil D. Restrictions are slowing coronavirus infections, new data suggest. The New York Times. 2020 Mar 30.
  50. Leonhardt D. A complete list of Trump’s attempts to play down Coronavirus. The New York Times. 2020 Mar 15.
  51. Rowland Ch, Whoriskey P. U.S. health system is showing why it’s not ready for a coronavirus pandemic. The Washington Post. 2020 Mar 4.
  52. Kelly MP, Barker M. Why is changing health-related behaviour so difficult? Public Health. 2016; 136:109-16.
  53. Neidell MJ, Uchida Sh, Veronesi M. Be cautious with the precautionary principle: evidence from Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident. National Bureau of Econom Res. 2019 Oct. IZA Discussion Papers, No. 12687.
  54. Cornell N. A third theory of paternalism. Mich Law Rev. 2014;113:1295.
  55. Rosner D, Fried LP. Traditions, transitions, and transfats: new directions for public health. Public Health Rep. 2010;125(1):3-7.

متن کامل

دانلود نسخه پی‌دی‌اف

فرمت XML

XML فرمت وزارت بهداشت HBI

نحوه استناد

Takhshid Z. Lessons from Regulating E-Cigarettes: A Case of Coercive Paternalism, Nudging, or Behaviorally Informed Boosting Iran. J Biomed Law Ethics. 2020;2(1):13-22.

زهرا تخشید. ضرورت نظام دهی استفاده از سیگارهای الکترونیکی: مقایسه نقش قدرت پدرسالارانه، ترغیب نوجوانان و یا تقویت رفتار آگاهانه. مجلۀ ایرانی حقوق و اخلاق زیست‌پزشکی. 1398؛2(1):22-13.

https://www.ijbmle.ir/fa/articles/22
نشانی

تهران، بزرگراه شهید چمران، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، پژوهشگاه ابن‌سینا، دفتر مجلات علمی پژوهشی

تلفن: ۰۲۱-۲۲۴۳۲۰۲۰ (داخلی ۴۵۲)
نمابر: ۰۲۱-۲۲۴۳۲۰۲۱
رایانامه: info@ijbmle.ir
صفحه اصلی
دربارۀ نشریه
راهنمای نگارش
ارسال مقاله
مقالات

استفاده از مطالب این پایگاه با ذکر منبع آزاد است.
حقوق این پایگاه متعلق به مجله ایرانی حقوق و اخلاق زیست‌پزشکی است.

Designed & Developed by Amin Fazlali